Scenarios

You need to configure Cloud-Init after it is installed.

Prerequisites

Cloud-Init has been installed.
An EIP has been bound to the ECS.
You have logged in to the ECS.
The IP address obtaining mode of the ECS is DHCP.

Procedure

The following operations are required:

Configure Cloud-Init.
For details, see Configure Cloud-Init.
Check whether Cloud-Init is successfully configured.
For details, see Check the Cloud-Init Configuration.

Configure Cloud-Init

Configure the user permissions for logging in to the ECS. If you use a common account (not user root) to log in to the ECS, disable the SSH permissions of user root and remote login using a password to improve the ECS security.
- You can remotely log in to the ECS using SSH and a key pair injected into your account. (It is recommended that you select the key pair login mode when creating an ECS.)
- You can also use a random password to log in to the ECS through noVNC.
Run the following command to open the sshd_config file using the vi editor:

vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Change the value of PasswordAuthentication in the sshd_config file to no.
For SUSE and openSUSE, change the values of the following parameters in the sshd_config file to no:
- PasswordAuthentication
- ChallengeResponseAuthentication
Run the following command to open the cloud.cfg file using the vi editor:
vi /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg
(Optional) In /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg, set apply_network_config to false.
This step is only for Cloud-Init 18.3 or later.

Figure 1 Example configuration
Disable the SSH permissions of user root in /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg, add a common user (which is used for logging in to the ECS using VNC), and configure a password for the added user and assign sudo permissions to it.

For Ubuntu and Debian, set the value of manage_etc_hosts in the /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg file to localhost. Otherwise, switching to user root from a user other than root may time out.

Take Ubuntu as an example.
- Run the following command to create script /etc/cloud/set_linux_random_password.sh, which is executable and can be used to generate random passwords:
  cat /etc/cloud/set_linux_random_password.sh
  The file content is as follows:
```
#!/bin/bash

password=$(cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc 'A-Za-z0-9!@#$%&+=' | head -c 9)

echo "linux:$password" | chpasswd
sed -i -e '/^Login/d' /etc/issue
sed -i -e '/^Initial/d' /etc/issue
sed -i -c -e '/^$/d' /etc/issue
echo -e "\nInitial login with linux:$password\n" >> /etc/issue
```
  You can run the chmod +x /etc/cloud/set_linux_random_password.sh command to add execute permissions of set_linux_random_password.sh.
- After you log in to the ECS, run the following commands to add a user-friendly prompt "Please change password for user linux after first login."
  echo -e '\e[1;31m#################################\\e[0m' > /etc/motd
  
  echo -e '\e[1;31m# Important !!! #\e[0m' >> /etc/motd
  
  echo -e '\e[1;31m# Please change password for user linux after first login. #\e[0m' >> /etc/motd
  
  echo -e '\e[1;31m#################################\e[0m' >> /etc/motd
  
  echo -e '' >> /etc/motd

Add a common login user, set its password, assign sudo permissions to it, and use bootcmd to create a script used for generating a random password for each created ECS.

Ensure that the configuration file format (such as alignment and spaces) is consistent with the provided example.

system_info: 
    # This will affect which distro class gets used 
    distro: rhel 
    # Default user name + that default users groups (if added/used) 
    default_user: 
      name: linux  //Username for login
      lock_passwd: False  //Login using a password is enabled. Note that some OSs use value 0 to enable the password login.
      gecos: Cloud User 
      groups: users  //Optional. Add users to other groups that have been configured in /etc/group.
      passwd: $6$I63DBVKK$Zh4lchiJR7NuZvtJHsYBQJIg5RoQCRLS1X2Hsgj2s5JwXI7KUO1we8WYcwbzeaS2VNpRmNo28vmxxCyU6LwoD0
      sudo: ["ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL"]  // Assign the root rights to the user.
      shell: /bin/bash  //Execute shell in bash mode.
    # Other config here will be given to the distro class and/or path classes 
    paths: 
       cloud_dir: /var/lib/cloud/ 
       templates_dir: /etc/cloud/templates/ 
    ssh_svcname: sshd

bootcmd:
- [cloud-init-per, instance, password, bash, 
/etc/cloud/set_linux_random_password.sh]

The value of passwd is encrypted using SHA512 (which is used as an example). For more details, see https://cloudinit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/topics/examples.html.

For details about how to encrypt a password and generate ciphertext, see the following (encrypting password cloud.1234 is used as an example):

[root@** ~]# python -c "import crypt, getpass, pwd; print crypt.mksalt()"
$6$I63DBVKK
[root@** ~]# python -c "import crypt, getpass, pwd; print crypt.crypt('cloud.1234', '\$6\$I63DBVKK')"
$6$I63DBVKK$Zh4lchiJR7NuZvtJHsYBQJIg5RoQCRLS1X2Hsgj2s5JwXI7KUO1we8WYcwbzeaS2VNpRmNo28vmxxCyU6LwoD0

Enable the agent to access the IaaS OpenStack data source.
Add the following information to the last line of /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg:
```
datasource_list: [ OpenStack ]
datasource:
  OpenStack:
    metadata_urls: ['http://169.254.169.254']
    max_wait: 120
    timeout: 5
```
- You can decide whether to set max_wait and timeout. The values of max_wait and timeout in the preceding example are only for reference.
- If the OS version is earlier than Debian 8 or CentOS 5, you cannot enable the agent to access the IaaS OpenStack data source.
- The default zeroconf route must be disabled for CentOS and EulerOS ECSs for accurate access to the IaaS OpenStack data source.
  echo "NOZEROCONF=yes" >> /etc/sysconfig/network
Prevent Cloud-Init from taking over the network in /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg.
If the Cloud-Init version is 0.7.9 or later, add the following content to /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg:
```
network:
  config: disabled
```
The added content must be in the YAML format.

Figure 2 Preventing Cloud-Init from taking over the network
Modify the cloud_init_modules configuration file.
Move ssh from the bottom to the top to speed up the SSH login.

Figure 3 Speeding up the SSH login to the ECS
Modify the configuration so that the hostname of the ECS created from the image does not contain the .novalocal suffix and can contain a dot (.).
1. Run the following command to modify the __init__.py file:
  vi /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cloudinit/sources/__init__.py
  
  Press i to enter editing mode. Search for toks. The following information is displayed:
```
if toks:
    toks = str(toks).split('.')
else:
    toks = ["ip-%s" % lhost.replace(".", "-")]
else:
    toks = lhost.split(".novalocal")

if len(toks) > 1:
    hostname = toks[0]
    #domain = '.'.join(toks[1:])
else:
    hostname = toks[0]

if fqdn and domain != defdomain:
    return "%s.%s" % (hostname, domain)
else:
    return hostname
```
  After the modification is complete, press Esc to exit the editing mode and enter :wq! to save the configuration and exit.
  
  Figure 4 Modifying the __init__.py file
2. Run the following command to switch to the cloudinit/sources folder:
  cd /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cloudinit/sources/
3. Run the following commands to delete the __init__.pyc file and the optimized __init__.pyo file:
  rm -rf __init__.pyc
  
  rm -rf __init__.pyo
4. Run the following commands to clear the logs:
  rm -rf /var/lib/cloud/*
  
  rm -rf /var/log/cloud-init*
Run the following command to edit the /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg.d/05_logging.cfg file to use cloudLogHandler to process logs:
vim /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg.d/05_logging.cfg

Figure 5 Setting the parameter value to cloudLogHandler

Check the Cloud-Init Configuration

Run the following command to check whether Cloud-Init has been properly configured:

cloud-init init --local

If Cloud-Init has been properly installed, the version information is displayed and no error occurs. For example, messages indicating lack of files will not be displayed.

(Optional) Run the following command to set the password validity period to the maximum:

chage -M 99999 $user_name

user_name is a system user, such as user root.

You are advised to set the password validity period to 99999.

Configuring Cloud-Init

Scenarios

Prerequisites

Procedure

Configure Cloud-Init

Check the Cloud-Init Configuration